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The word “mangrove” refers to tropical plants and their communities growing in the inter tidal zone, an area along the coast line (e.g., seashore, estuaries, lagoon and river banks) and is influenced by tidal condition. According to FAO (1952) mangrove is defined as trees and bushes growing below the high water level of spring tides.
Mangrove includes a large variety of plant families that adapt to the particular environment. Tomlinson (1986) classifies mangrove species into 3 (three) groups, i.e. major component, minor component and mangrove associates
WHERE IS MANGROVE FOUND?
Large mangrove trees are found along muddy sheltered shoreline free from ordinary strong winds and currents (e.g., mouth of big rivers). They can also grow on sandy and rocky shores, coral reefs and oceanic islands. While brackish water is not essential for mangrove’s growth, it thrives if there are plentiful supplies of fine sediments and fresh water.
Dense wide spread mangrove forests grow at the mouth of big rivers in the tropics, but in an area where mountains come close to the seashore, the forest growing along the coastline is limited and narrow in size. The extent of mangrove forests is most influenced by hinterland topography.
There is a close relationship between water condition and mangrove vegetation. Mangrove may, in some places, show a certain degree of zonation tending to change from water edge towards in land. However, this sometimes depends on the undulation of the forest floor or creeks within the area which is typically schematic and generalized profile of a tidal flat in Bali and Lombok.
WHERE IS MANGROVE DISTRIBUTED?
There are many species of mangrove around the equator. The farther away from the equator, the fewer the mangrove species are, and the smaller the trees will be. The northernmost location of mangrove is the southern Kyushu Island of Japan, where there is only one species (Kandelia candel) is found while the southernmost location is New Zealand’s North Island where the only one species of Avicenia marina is identified.
(Chapman, 1975), the distribution of mangrove are divided into 2 groups:
In Indonesia itself, there are approximatley 202 species of mangrove (major and minor component), such as 89 species of trees, 5 species of palmae, 19 species of shurbs, 44 species of herbs, 44 species of epifit and 1 species of ferns.
MANGROVE STRUCTURE
Dominant elements of mangrove forests are trees growing up to over 30 m tall, many of which form a dense closed canopy. Many other plants and fauna species are also typical or exclusive to mangrove forests. Local topographical and hydrological characteristic, type and chemical composition of soils and tidal regime determine the type of mangrove ecosystem established at any given places.
Chapman (1975), grouping mangrove into 2 categories :
Remarkable morphological characteristics of mangrove species appear in their root system and fruits as elaborated below.
Root System
The soil of mangrove habitat becomes anaerobic (air-free) when it is under water. Some species develop a typical root system called aerial roots suitable for anaerobic soil conditions.
There are several types of aerial roots, i.e., stilt, pneumatophores, knee-, and plank-roots. Aerial root serve gas exchange function and air storage for respiration during submersion.
Fruites/Seeds
All mangrove species produce fruits usually dispersed by water. The fruits take several shapes such as cylindrical, round, and bean-like.
The major and minor components of mangrove species grow well unaffectedly by salty water. However, if the water is too salty, the tree does not grow very high. It should be noted that mangrove species grow faster in fresh water than in salty water.
Through their salt glands, several mangrove species develop a system enabling them to grow in high salinity water condition. Avicennia, Aegiceras, Acanthus and Aegalitis control salt balance by secreting salt from the glands (Tomlinson, 1986). There are a large number of salt glands on leaf surfaces which may be crystallized and easily observable.
Other species Bruguiera, Ceriops, Sonneratia dan Lumnitzera control the salt balance in a different way such as by losing old leaves containing accumulated salt, or by applying osmotic pressure in the roots.
Structure, ecosystem function, composition, distribution and the growth mangrove organism system are really dependent on coastal fisiografi, climate, tidal, waves/current, sallinity, dissoued oxigen, soil, nutrient and protection.
FUNCTION AND BENEFIT OF MANGROVE
Function of Mangrove
Mangrove includes a large variety of plant families that adapt to the particular environment. Tomlinson (1986) classifies mangrove species into 3 (three) groups, i.e. major component, minor component and mangrove associates
WHERE IS MANGROVE FOUND?
Large mangrove trees are found along muddy sheltered shoreline free from ordinary strong winds and currents (e.g., mouth of big rivers). They can also grow on sandy and rocky shores, coral reefs and oceanic islands. While brackish water is not essential for mangrove’s growth, it thrives if there are plentiful supplies of fine sediments and fresh water.
Dense wide spread mangrove forests grow at the mouth of big rivers in the tropics, but in an area where mountains come close to the seashore, the forest growing along the coastline is limited and narrow in size. The extent of mangrove forests is most influenced by hinterland topography.
There is a close relationship between water condition and mangrove vegetation. Mangrove may, in some places, show a certain degree of zonation tending to change from water edge towards in land. However, this sometimes depends on the undulation of the forest floor or creeks within the area which is typically schematic and generalized profile of a tidal flat in Bali and Lombok.
WHERE IS MANGROVE DISTRIBUTED?
There are many species of mangrove around the equator. The farther away from the equator, the fewer the mangrove species are, and the smaller the trees will be. The northernmost location of mangrove is the southern Kyushu Island of Japan, where there is only one species (Kandelia candel) is found while the southernmost location is New Zealand’s North Island where the only one species of Avicenia marina is identified.
(Chapman, 1975), the distribution of mangrove are divided into 2 groups:
- The old world mangrove which covered East Africa, Red ocean, India, South East Asia, Japan, the Philliphinies, Australia, New Zeland, Pasific Archipelago and Samoa.
- The new world mangrove which covered of the coastal of Atlantic, Africa, America, Mexico and Galapagos archipelago.
In Indonesia itself, there are approximatley 202 species of mangrove (major and minor component), such as 89 species of trees, 5 species of palmae, 19 species of shurbs, 44 species of herbs, 44 species of epifit and 1 species of ferns.
MANGROVE STRUCTURE
Dominant elements of mangrove forests are trees growing up to over 30 m tall, many of which form a dense closed canopy. Many other plants and fauna species are also typical or exclusive to mangrove forests. Local topographical and hydrological characteristic, type and chemical composition of soils and tidal regime determine the type of mangrove ecosystem established at any given places.
Chapman (1975), grouping mangrove into 2 categories :
- Main Mangrove Flora; ecologically ha aa major role in mangrove fromation, such as Rhizophora, Brugu iera, Ceriops, Kandelia, Sonneratia, Avicenia, Nypa, Xylocarpus, Derir, Acanthus, Lumnitzera, Shy phyphora and Dolichandron.
- Pheripheral Mangrove Flora; Ecologically has a role in also mangrove formation, out it has an importan function in other pirt function such as Exoecaria agalloca, Acrosticum aureum, Cerbera manghas, Heritiera lottoralis, Hibiscus tilliaceus.
- Major component: develop morphological specialization, e.g., aerial root system and special physiological mechanisms for salt exclusion to suit the mangrove environment. The components are taxonomically isolated from terrestrial relative occurring only in mangrove forests and forming pure stands, but never extending into terrestrial communities.
- Minor component (coastal plants) : are not conspicuous element of vegetation which may occupy peripheral habitats and which rarely form pure stands.
- Mangrove associates : never grow in true mangrove communities and may only be found in terrestrial vegetation.
Remarkable morphological characteristics of mangrove species appear in their root system and fruits as elaborated below.
Root System
The soil of mangrove habitat becomes anaerobic (air-free) when it is under water. Some species develop a typical root system called aerial roots suitable for anaerobic soil conditions.
There are several types of aerial roots, i.e., stilt, pneumatophores, knee-, and plank-roots. Aerial root serve gas exchange function and air storage for respiration during submersion.
Fruites/Seeds
All mangrove species produce fruits usually dispersed by water. The fruits take several shapes such as cylindrical, round, and bean-like.
- Viviparous seeds, Rhizophoraceae (Rhizopora, Bruguiera, Ceriops dan Kandelia) cylindrical (stick-like) fruits commonly known as viviparous seedlings. Rhizophoraceae seeds germinate in the fruits and the hypocotyls of seedlings protrudes and expands from the fruits when it is on the (parent) tree.
- Cryptoviviparous seeds, Avicennia (bean-like fruits), Aegiceras (cylindrical fruits) and Nypa which the seeds germinate but are covered with their pericarp (fruits skin) before detaching from their (parent) tree.
- Normal seeds, Sonneratia and Xylocarpus form ball-shaped fruits with normal seeds. The fruits of most other species are capsular in shape, just like fruits containing normal seeds. The fruits should undergo a system that enable them to break and scatter their seeds when reaching the water.
The major and minor components of mangrove species grow well unaffectedly by salty water. However, if the water is too salty, the tree does not grow very high. It should be noted that mangrove species grow faster in fresh water than in salty water.
Through their salt glands, several mangrove species develop a system enabling them to grow in high salinity water condition. Avicennia, Aegiceras, Acanthus and Aegalitis control salt balance by secreting salt from the glands (Tomlinson, 1986). There are a large number of salt glands on leaf surfaces which may be crystallized and easily observable.
Other species Bruguiera, Ceriops, Sonneratia dan Lumnitzera control the salt balance in a different way such as by losing old leaves containing accumulated salt, or by applying osmotic pressure in the roots.
Structure, ecosystem function, composition, distribution and the growth mangrove organism system are really dependent on coastal fisiografi, climate, tidal, waves/current, sallinity, dissoued oxigen, soil, nutrient and protection.
FUNCTION AND BENEFIT OF MANGROVE
Function of Mangrove
- Phisyciall Funtion To prtect coastal from land erotion/abration, to accelerate sedimentation, control the intrution of the sea water and protect the area behind mangrove from the high wave and strongly winds.
- Biology Function Place for fishes, shrimps and other biota for living and provide abundant foods for their feeding. Mangrove is also as nursery ground, spawning ground and a para dise places for birds.
- Economical Funtion Mangrove timber could be used as building pole, as material for pulp and it could be produced good char coal of mangrove.
- Utilization of Fauna Some species of fishes, shrimp and crabs could be cultivited is pond such as (Chanos chanos), (Mugil cephalus), (Scylla serrata) and (Crassaatrea cucullata)
- Utilization of first Product - as material for building, pole, construction, ships - as material for charcoal and pulp wood - as material for pulp - some species of mangrove could be utilized as medicine, sugar, foods
- Other Mangrove has a special and unique ecosystem. It can be a good place for eco-toursm, research and enviro ment education activities.
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